Over Loading and overriding

OverLoading :
Method overloading means having two or more methods with the same name but different signatures in the same scope.
These two methods may exist in the same class or anoter one in base class and another in derived class.
   Ex:
  

class Person

{

    private String fName;

    private String lName;

    Person()

    {

        this.fName = "";

        this.lName = "";

    }

    Person(String fName)

    {

        this.fName = fName;

        this.lName = "";

    }

    Person(String fName, String lName)

    {

        this.fName = fName;

        this.lName = lName;

    }

}

In the above example calling the over loaded method as follows
    Person(); /* as a constructor and call method without parameter*/
    Person(userFirstName); /* as a constructor and call method with one parameter(like User's first Name)*/
    Person(userFirstName,userLastName); /*as a constructor and call method with one parameter(like User's first Name)*/
When you have required same reason that take different signatures, but conceptually do the same thing.
   
Overriding:
Method overriding means having a different implementation of the same method in the inherited class.
These two methods would have the same signature, but different implementation.
One of these would exist in the base class and another in the derived class. These cannot exist in the same class.


In a derived class, if you include a method definition that has the same name and exactly the same number and types of
parameters as a method already defined in the base class, this new definition replaces the old definition of the method.

Explanation

A subclass inherits methods from a superclass.
Sometimes, it is necessary for the subclass to modify the methods defined in the superclass. This is referred to as method overriding.
The following example demonstrates method overriding.

class Circle
{

    //declaring the instance variable

    protected double radius;

    public Circle(double radius)
    {
          this.radius = radius;
    }

    // other method definitions here

    public double getArea()
    {
          return Math.PI*radius*radius;

    }//this method returns the area of the circle

}// end of class circle

When the getArea method is invoked from an instance of the Circle class, the method returns the area of the circle.
The next step is to define a subclass to override the getArea() method in the Circle class. The derived class will be the Cylinder class. The getArea() method in the Circle class computes the area of a circle, while the getArea method in the Cylinder class computes the surface area of a cylinder.

The Cylinder class is defined below.

class Cylinder extends Circle
{

    //declaring the instance variable

    protected double length;

    public Cylinder(double radius, double length)
    {
         super(radius);
         this.length = length;
    }

    // other method definitions here

    public double getArea()
    {
         // method overriden here
         return 2*super.getArea()+2*Math.PI*radius*length;
    }//this method returns the cylinder surface area

}// end of class Cylinder

When the overriden method (getArea) is invoked for an object of the Cylinder class,
 the new definition of the method is called and not the old definition from the superclass(Circle).

instantiate the above two classes as shown below:
Circle myCircle;
myCircle = new Circle(1.20);
Cylinder myCylinder;
myCylinder = new Cylinder(1.20,2.50);

Collection Important questions

Convert ArrayList to String 

Here is the simple exam how we can convert an array list to string 

import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.List;

 

public class Java4s {

 

public static void main(String args[]){

 

    List al = new ArrayList<String>();// creating list

 

    al.add("One");

    al.add("Two");

    al.add("Three");

    al.add("Four");

    al.add("Five");

 

    String[] stringArrayObject = new String[al.size()];// creating string array

    al.toArray(stringArrayObject);//converting list to string array

 

    for(String temp : stringArrayObject)

    System.out.println(temp);

 

}

}

 

Difference between Arraylist and Vector

• ArrayList and Vector both having same data structure internally, which is Array
• Vector is by default synchronized, means at a time only one thread can access its methods from out side, where as ArrayList is non-synchronized means N number of threads can access at a time
• But we can make ArrayList as synchronized by using Collections class, see it bellow
• Both Vector and ArrayList  have capability to re-size dynamically, means Vector will Doubles the size of its array when its size increased, but ArrayList increased by Half only
  

  How to make ArrayList Synchronized

  As we discussed above ArrayList is not synchronized by default, so will see how to make it as Synchronized.
  We have direct method in Collections class to make ArrayList synchronized..
  

  List li = new ArrayList() Collections.synchronizedList(li)

  ArrayList vs Vector Speed and Performance Differences

  Always ArrayList will shows better performance compared to Vector,  except Synchronization both are almost same in their performance.  Vector is Synchronized means thread safe, only 1 thread can access so its very slow compared to ArrayList, because in our real time projects we should not require synchronized methods always.
  What am saying is always try to use ArrayList rather Vector if its not required any Synchronization in your requirements,  even if so you know how to make ArrayList as synchronized right (just like above).
  Let us see how to sort values in java collections, List/ArrayList.  We can achieve this by using Collections class, Collections class contains a method sort(Collection Object), just give your collection object to the sort() method that’s it, consider this example….
  
  Example:
  mport java.util.ArrayList;
  
  import java.util.Arrays;
  import java.util.Collections;
  import java.util.List;
   
  public class SortCollection {
   
      public static void main(String... args)
      {
   
              List li = new ArrayList();
   
              li.add("India");
              li.add("United States");
              li.add("Malaysia");
              li.add("Australia");
              li.add("Lundon");
   
              Collections.sort(li);// this is the method of collections interface to sort
   
              for(String temp: li)
              {
                  System.out.println("Countries : "+temp);
              }
      }
  }
  
  

  Set (Interface)

• Set is an un-ordered collection which doesn’t allows duplicate (no-duplicate) elements
• We can iterate the values by calling iterator() method

Set s = new HashSet();
Iterator iter = s.iterator();

List (Interface)

• List is an ordered collection which allows duplicate elements
• We can iterate the values by calling iterator() method

List li = new ArrayList();
Iterator iter = li.iterator();

Map (Interface)

• In Map we used to store the data in key and value pairs, we may have duplicate values but no duplicate keys
• In Map we don’t have iterator() method, but we can get the keys by calling the method keySet()
  Map m; // insert values

  Set s = m.keySet();

  // Get Map keys into the Set and then iterate this Set object normally

  // m.keySet() returns Set object with Map keys

  Iterator iter = s.iterator();